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Cornell University Library
LB 3251. C6
, and improvement of school ^^^^^^^^
DESIGN AND IMPROVEMENT
of
School Grounds
BY
W. C COKER AND ELEANOR HOFFMANN
C N A -P EL-HIUU-G-'RA
Bttbeatt of Extension Bxtlletin
Published by
THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA
^1
Cornell University
Library
The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.
There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.
http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924013087345
PLATE 1
PALMETTOS ON SMITH ISLAND, N. C.
Rej)rinted from the Journal of the E. Mitchell Sci. See. Vol. 3 t, Plate 10 loig
BUREAU OF EXTENSION BULLETIN
SPECIAL SERIES No. 1
DESIGN AND IMPROVEMENT
OF
School Grounds
By
W. C. COKER AND ELEANOR HOFFMANN
PTTBLISHBD BY THE
XJNIVEESITY OF NORTH OAEOLINA
ChapbIj Hlll, N. C.
1921
INTKODUCTION
In order to promote the beautifying of school grounds in itforth
Carolina, the Bureau of Extension has established a new division called
the Division of Design and Improvement of School Grounds under the
inomediate direction of Dr. W. C. Coker, Kenan Professor of Botany
and Director of the University Arboretum, and Miss Eleanor Hoffmann,
secretary of the division and field worker.
BuUetin Contains Designs and Suggestions
To facilitate its work and to present the program of ground improve-
ments which it contemplates, the division has prepared the following
bulletin which contains a number of designs for actual and hypotheti-
cal school grounds, each design being accompanied by a planting plan
showing the plants to be used. There are also photographs and sketches
of illustrative plantings from various sources such as the University
Arboretum and private grounds. All designs and planting plans are
by Dr. Coker. Photographs are by Dr. Coker, E. W. Eoister, Dr. J.
K. Small and various students. All inking in of plates (except pis.
5 and 6) and text figures 1 and 2 have been done by Miss Hoffmanii.
Miss Cornelia S. Love has done the cover drawing, plates 5 and 6, and
the other text figures.
The text of the Bulletin consists of advice as to principles of planting
so as to secure the most desirable effects, together with descriptions of
trees, shrubs, and flowers reconunended for use in the three main sec-
tions of the state— east, middle and west.
Service Throughout the State
A second purpose of the Division is the giving of direct assistance
through the preparation of specific plans by Dr. Coker and through
personal visits by Miss Hoffmann to any school that indicates a desire for
help. Miss Hoffmann will also visit other organizations as opportunity
allows, in order to arouse interest in the general subject of the improve-
ment of grounds.
4 Design and Impkovembnt of School Gkottwds
Method of Procedure
In offering this service, the Bureau will follow the usual practice
which obtains in all its service — ^no charge will be made for persona
visits except that the traveling expenses of the field workers will e
borne by the school or organization visited.
Eequests for additional copies of this Bulletin or for other informa-
tion should be addressed to the Division of Design and Improvement
of School Grounds, The Bureau of Extension, Chapel Hill, N. C.
Other State Aid
In designing the school building and in the choice of a site the
State Department of Education at Ealeigh through the Director of
Schoolhouse Planning, Mr. John J. Blair, is now giving valuable aid.
Improperly placed buildings or inadequate grounds make it impossible
from the start to develop and improve the grounds to meet the needs
of the community.
Louis E. Wilson, Director.
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SCENES IN THE rNR'ERSITY ARBORETUM
Chapel Hill, N. C.
TTHT MAKE THE SCHOOL GROUNDS ATTEACTIVE?
Without encroaching too miicli on the philosophy of Herr Teufels-
drockh we may divide clothing into two classes — clothes of the body and
clothes of the spirit.
In the Garden of Eden they placed most emphasis on clothes of the
spirit. And why ? Because in the Garden of Eden for a while at least
the spirit was dominant over the body. If we find today that the
clothes of the body are of more concern to us than the clothes of the
spirit it means that the body is dominant over the spirit.
"We cannot choose or modify to our vdlls all of the garments that
our souls must wear, but it is one of the most wonderful blessings that
we have to be thankful for that almost all of the vesture that is beyond
our control is beautiful and pure.
The Earth Spirit in Faust speaks of nature aa the "Living, visible
garment of God." It is also our garment, and as we look around us at
this wonderful world, at the pageantry of nature in all its glory, shall
we not walk proudly that we have been thought worthy to wear such
vestments ?
Yet in the midst of all this it is a sad fact that most of us bring
our daily offerings to the God of Ugliness and Dirt. Almost all the dirty
and ugly things that we wear are of our own making.
Old papers and pans, old bottles and cans,
Bead chickens and cats, the flies and the rata —
And other pollutions unfitting to tell —
That send up for incense only a smell.
Do we realize that all of these things are feathers in our plumage?
That each of these things is a piece of the stuff from which we have
woven our spiritual garments? Are we not ashamed to wear such
clothes ? Yes, doubly ashamed since we both make them and wear them !
The things that are around us act upon us and elevate or depress
us according to their nature. As Byron says "I live not in myself,
but I become a portion of that around me." When a soldier puts on
his uniform he becomes more of a soldier than before. He will hold
himself more proudly, and be braver, too.
6 Design and Improvement of School Geottnds
In one of his essays Chesterton remarks that we should all ^
clothes according to our profession and beliefs. What a relief it wo
be in dealing with a man to see that he had on the uniform of an hones
man. Could he stoop to a lie? Could he dishonor the uniform he
wore — an azure uniform with stars in it?
It is not possible to overestimate the ennobling influence of things
that are beautiful and pure. They can strengthen and sustain beyond
all power save human love. Encompassed and uplifted by the glory
of the world Whitman exclaimed: "I am larger, better than I thought;
I did not know I contained so much goodness." This expansion of
spirit before the pageantry of nature was proof of his own greatness, lor
"The perception of beauty is a moral test."
You remember Hawthorne's story of the Great Stone Face: When
only a boy Ernest saw it there on the mountain, the wonderful linea-
ments of a divine face, carved from the living rock by the hand of
God. It was with him day by day. His mind took it in; his soul
absorbed it; his tentacles of love and faith went forth and touched it.
He rose to meet it — ^until at last he stood transfigured, grown into the
likeness of that majestic face.
Tagore has said: "Every child that comes into the world is a mes-
sage that God is not yet discouraged of man." What if we should
take this message seriously, take each child as one more solemn effort
of nature to try the possibilities of the human soul? Would we be
willing to let this messenger report another failure, this great effort
be again futile? Only the profoundest genius can rise far above his
surroundings, and few indeed are they who rise above them at all.
What if some day a child should come into the world and find it pre-
pared to receive him !
We have a peculiar duty, fellow teachers, not only to ourselves but
to the young people in our care. Surround them with beauty and they
will stoop less easily to an ugly act. Make things clean about them and
they will give heed less quickly to an unclean thought. Set before them
that which is worthy, and day by day they will elevate their spirits to
meet it face to face.
How to Begin
Most school boards have very little money at their disposal either
for buying more land or for beautifying what land they have but this
lack is being met in various ingenious ways on the part of individuals
Design and Improvement of School Grounds 7
towns and organizations. Unfortunately school superintendents are
swamped witli work, and not many perhaps are really much interested
in the appearance of the grounds. Many, however, who appear indif-
ferent may easily be aroused if their attention is attracted in the right
way. Individuals in every community, eager to pass on this love of
plants to their children and neighhors, would be glad to give trees and
shrubs to the school. To secure contributions and plants it is a good
plan to publish a list of the kinds needed in the local paper.
Perhaps the most efficient method of arousing interest and enthusi-
asm is through local clubs like Women's Civic Leagues and Parent-
Teachers' Associations. Splendid work has been done in one town where,
through the zeal of the Women's Civic League, a property owner prom-
ised to give a valuable tract of land adjacent to the school grounds if
they would raise $500 for playground apparatus. By fairs, dinners,
sales and individual contributions the $500 was finally raised and now
the school owns enough land for playgrounds, basketball, baseball, three
tennis courts, and a charming grove for a public park.
In another town the stimulus for improvement came through the
president of the Parent-Teachers' Association who had just returned
from the west where she had been tremendously impressed by the beauty
of the school grounds. In another town the Parent-Teachers' Asso-
ciation of one of the grammar schools had had the offer from a public
spirited member of all the shrubs they could use for the front of their
grounds and had VTritten to the University for planting plans. If the
enthusiasm lasts this school will soon be a pleasure to the community
and its children, setting a standard that many will try to emulate.
Pioneers in such progress have an influence much greater than they
often realize.
Where the school is fortunate enough to have a good course in botany
or nature study, and in every school where the younger children are
being taught something about plant life, nothing could be of more
interest to class work than occasional trips to the woods and fields for
shrubs and trees to plant in the school yards. Every child notices the
plants that have showy flowers in the spring or brilHant foliage in the
fall. A field trip with the children at any time of year will result in the
finding of many things to transplant, all without the slightest expense,
and will result in greater knowledge and love of nature.
SEttPLB PEINCIPLES OF DESIGN AND PLANTING
Foundation Planting
Soften the outline of the buildings and relate them to the lawn J
placing shruhs in angles and here and there along the sides. J-
one sort is used in a place it should he a kind that branches outwar
from the base as it bends over and touches the ground. Among t e
best of these are Van Houtte's and Thunherg's spireas, winter jessa-
mine, forsytUas, Thunherg's harherry, oak-leafed hydrangea, the deut-
sias, and such evergreens as arbor-vitae, yew, hox, holly-leaved o i ,
sweet olive, pittosporum, and yopon. Taller sorts that tend to become
bare below should be planted behind others that are lower and reach the
grass. Many native wild shrubs that flourish in the vicinity can be used
with fine effect if sensibly chosen and placed. (See p. 10, also the shrub
lists.)
Walks and Drives
Kun the walks and drives where most needed, but try to keep them
near the buildings and around the borders. Do not put them directly
against a building or fence, but leave a space about three feet to seven
feet wide for a grass and shrub border. Grounds that are cut up by
a multitude of small trails have lost a large part of their beauty. If
the walks decided on as the fewest number possible are made quite
adequate in breadth, clearly laid off and surfaced with gravel, and
bordered by a row of stones or bricks, it will be much easier to keep
people off the grass than where carelessly laid and poorly defined walks
tempt one to ignore them. Where curves or angles offer a strong
temptation to cut across the grass to save a little distance, about the
only practical deterrent is to place a group of shrubs along the critical
points, and the more formidable these are the better. If trifoliate
orange, Japan quince, or strong-growing roses, such as McCartney,
prairie or rugosa, are used they will stop even the most venturesome
with their thorns. Do not try to avoid straight walks where they are
more convenient, especially when there are other straight lines near,
such as by boundaries of the property or near the buildings. A straight
line is no more unnatural than a curved one, though it is rarer. All
depends on circumstances. A curved walk or drive through open country
3 K
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t-»
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Design and Improvement of School Geounds 9
or lawns or through -woods is much more pleasing and natural-looking
than a straight one, and on uneven ground a straight walk would offend
all ideas of fitness and harmony. On the other hand, nothing is more
pleasing than a long, straight walk bordered with shrubbery or arched
with trees, leading with obvious purpose to some distant objective or
vista. The formal garden near the house with its straight lines and
symmetrical arches and curves is a recognized unit of artistic design,
and when properly connected with other features in no way interferes
with the natural treatment of other sections of the grounds.
Open Spaces
Keep the lawn area open in large part and group the trees in the
background around the margins, with shrubs and flowers in front of them
in such amount as conditions allow. The choice and arrangement of
these plants wiU show results in proportion to the skill and experience
of the designer. If the available grounds must be divided into more
than one section, as is usually the case, they should be connected if
possible by as broad a lawn strip as space allows, and this should be
left open so as to allow an unobstructed view of the entire distance.
This will afford pleasing vistas and a sense of spaciousness not possible
in a number of separated, smaller areas.
Making the Lawn
A really good lawn is expensive to make and to keep, but a respectable
grassy area can be had for very little cost. For the least possible outlay
proceed as follows: see that the soil is well drained and all rocks,
stumps and trash removed ; plough deeply and if the surface is irregular
with ridges and sinks use a drag to produce a level surface or an even
slope. Make the ground as rich as you can afford with stable manure,
cottonseed meal, or commercial fertilizer. Harrow with a disc harrow
until the ground is well pulverized then follow with finer harrows to
smooth. Sow the grass and cover with a cedar top or a very fine
harrow. In the coastal plain the most practical grass is Bermuda,
which may be planted by scattering and covering up the chopped-up
runners. In the middle and western sections use a mixture of equal
parts Kentucky Hue grass, creeping bent gr^s, shjeg^ scue, and per-
ennial rye grass and plant at the rate of'^WRRfflnioiiii^s P^r acre
in fall or early spring. It is absolutely necessary to use a lawn mower
often if the lawn is to be at all presentable, and watering in dry seasons
10 Design and Impeovbment of School Geounds
-will be a great help. For more detail as to lawn mating and ^^^.®^^,^
icating of weeds see an article by Coker in the Journal UUsha
Scientific Society, Vol. 31, p. 162, 1915.
Boundary Planting
It is usually best to outline the entire property by a distinct boun
mark of some kind, preferably a stone wall or a hedge, and not to a
this easily penetrated except at certain entrances. This will gr
lessen the danger of destructive invasion by thoughtless people or
marauders.
Distant Tiews
If distant objects of beauty can be seen from the grounds, as moun-
tains, valleys, rivers or ocean, the planting should be so ordered as to
leave these unobstructed and to accentuate them as much as possib e
by a framework of trees. If it is possible to have the trees arch over
these distant views it will add a wonderful charm to the picture, it is
equally obvious that all ugly sights, such as outbuildings, back yards ot
neighbors (unless they are kept better than most), dump heaps, etc.,
should be hidden by appropriate plantings.
What to Plant
It is best to use our own native trees, shrubs and flowers, to as great
an extent as is consistent with expediency and common sense. As m
designing, so in planting material, there have been and still are con-
tending "schools." The naturalistic school has now largely replaced
the older formalism in design and this has carried with it a similar
"natural" tendency in the selection of the plants to be used. It is well
to avoid the extremes of any tendency and to savor dogmas with com-
mon sense. There are those who carry the naturalistic in planting
so far as to insist on the use of only such plants as grow wild in the
immediate vicinity. A garden so planted might be a good hobby for
a few people so inclined, and could be made very beautiful. It could
not be made, however, without far more labor, thought and knowledge
than is usually available or would be necessary under a less rigid concep-
tion. It should not be forgotten that the exotic plants that are most used
in our gardens have won their way there by very superior qualities that
have stood the most exacting test of years. In hardihood, adaptability
Design and Impkovbmbnt of School Geotjnds 11
and staying power they have proved themselves superior to many of our
native plants that might be more beautiful or picturesque if all their
exacting requirements were met.
In the case of trees, there is far less reason for the use of exotics than
with shrubs and flowers. Our state is so rich in trees of every form
and size that there is little need of our going outside of our natural
wealth. We cannot find anything for this climate that can equal a large
number of our own species for permanence, size and beauty, and it
should be the rule to use our natives in the great mass of our plant-
ings. Even here, however, it would be foolish to exclude such exotics
as crape myrtle and mimosa that fill so admirably the special needs that
nothing we have can quite supply.
A few more words are necessary here to avoid a wrong impression.
While there are many of our native flowers that have already become
recognized as most desirable ornamentals, there are also many others
that have not yet been given a fair chance to show what they can do
vdth a little encouragement from man. We have in the past shamefully
neglected our opportunity to test, select, breed and improve them. Most
of the best things we have from abroad are horticultural forms that
have been selected from many variations and are the result of long years
of conscious effort to improve. Many a gem in the woods at our very
door is only awaiting a little digging and polishing to be worthy to take
its place among the ornaments of any garden.
Begional Differences
From the evidences of its plant life the climate of l^orth Carolina,
from Smith Island to the mountain summits, exhibits about the same
differences as that shown between northern Florida and Labrador. Over
such a wide range of conditions it is impossible for us to give detailed
advice in garden and horticultural practice, and a distinct modicum of
common sense must be infused into the reading of this sketchy Bulletin
if the best results are to be expected. As the old darky said who had
sold a mule and was asked how he should be handled : "Dat depens on
which en ob de mule you talkin' bout." We have tried throughout to
indicate the regions most suited to the plants mentioned, but much that
is said must be taken as not applicable to extreme cases. On account
of the unique interest of the sub-tropical strip, which includes most of
Brunswick, New Hanover and Onslow counties, we have given one
hypothetical plan for a school in this r^ion. Of the plants used in
12 Design and Improvement of School Geounds
this plan all are native there except the Cherohee rose, oleander, tam-
arisk and tea. There might also be used in the plan such half tender
things as loquat and camellia. In other parts of the state few know-
that the tea plant is almost or quite hardy along our coast and as far
west as Fayetteville. Few also know the beauty and wonderful deco-
rative value of our native coastal plants. Even in their ovm home they
are often neglected for exotics of far less charm and character.
The higher mountain tops, while of intense interest botanically, do not
support school houses and need not detain us here. But our large
mountain region of moderate altitude ,(1800-4000 feet) is so wonderfully
adapted to beautiful evergreens, as spruces, firs, hemlocks, and those
magnificent members of the heath family as rhododendrons, halmias,
azaleas, etc., that no one there need go away from home to find things
fit for the most ambitious estate. In fact, there is no similar group
of shruhs in the world that can surpass our l^orth Carolina natives of
the heath family. There are so many other beautiful shrubs in the
mountains to supplement these with that one is tempted to go on and
on in their praise. There are between 150 and 160 species of shrubs
in our mountains, many of which could be easily cultivated in their
own region. A few of the most conspicuous are (besides the above) sweet
fern, yellow root, sweet shrub, syringas, hydrangeas, spireas, red
haws, locusts, sumachs, huckleberries and viburnums. (See p. 27
for condensed lists of plants best suited to each section.)
Select the Strong and Hardy
Use only plants that are vigorous and quite hardy in your neighbor-
hood, that is, unless you have both time and inclination to meet the
exacting needs of more tender and helpless things. We could easily
have added hundreds of species to those actually used in our plans in
this pamphlet or recommended as desirable, but we have rigidly excluded
all that cannot succeed with the minimum of attention Other
we have excluded for no reason except lack of space. It may be sa'd
there is not a native tree or shrub in the state that could not be ^
to advantage under suitable conditions.
Mass Planting
As a rule it is best to use several plants of the same kind togeth
or in ample grounds even a large number, so that more effect and mo '
repose can be secured. The extent of each shrub mass should be rl
s;
: A
Dbsigit and Improvement of School Geounds 13
tennined ty some natural limit, such, as angles, fcays, tops of knolls
or areas between larger plantings. In the absence of such natural limits
separate masses should not terminate abruptly, but should intermix
gradually at the points of contact. In long curves trees should be
brought forward to break the shrub borders here and there and give a
natural appearance to the mass divisions. A modified form of mass
planting, and one having many attractions, is the mixing of two or three
sorts of shrubs (or herbs) in numbers and in a varied proportion to as-
sume a natural aspect. The most common and usually the most sat-
isfactory combination of masses is that of two species of unequal height,
the taller behind the other, and of a sort in which the flowers harmonize
in color and bloom at the same time, such as Japan quince and Thim-
herg's spirea. Mass planting should not be made a dogma, however.
There is an interest of its own in a walk bordered by many kinds of
shrubs in intricate mixture, especially if these shrubs are close to the
walk and are clipped like a hedge on the walk side.
In places of moderate size it is hardly possible to use trees of one
kind in large masses, but in most school grounds pines, cedars and other
evergreens can often be grouped in numbers in the angles or along the
boundaries.
How to Plant
The following practice should be followed in setting the plants.
Never let' the roots dry out. If from a nursery open the box as soon as
it arrives and sprinkle the entire contents well. Take the plants out
one or a few at a time and set them about 2 in. deeper than they stood
before, putting the best soil around the roots and packing very firmly
before the hole is quite full. Add other loose earth nearly to fill the
hole and do not pack. Finally, put another shovelful or two of good
manure on top and let stand. If the soil is not very rich, good, well
rotted manure should be mixed with all the soil put into the hole. If
the ground is rich the holes need not be larger than is necessary to allow
the roots to spread out well; if poor the holes should be larger and
plenty of manure or rich earth used in planting. The roots of course
should be well spread out in the hole, and if they are complicated the
earth should be carefully pressed between them with the fingers as it
is thrown in, so as to have it firmly compacted about all the roots. All
broken and wounded roots should be cut off above the injured place by
a pair of sharp pruning shears. In planting trees drive a six or seven
14 Design and Impeovement of School Gbounds
foot pole near tlie plant before the roots are covered, and after planting
tie the stem with strips of cloth or wire run through old garden hose.
Rhododendrons and Azaleas
Rhododendrons, azaleas, kalmias and other members of the heath
family require a special word as to treatment. They will grow well if
adapted and will fully repay all necessary trouble, but there are certain
conditions that they demand. They do particularly well in the moun-
tains, principally because of the greater prevalence of moist' and well
drained soil, but R. catawbiense and its hybrids can be made to succeed
well aU the way to the coast. (See pi. 3.) It is not generally known
that R. catawbiense, which is usually supposed to be confined to the high
mountains, is found wild in robust condition at Chapel Hill and even
as far east as Selma on the coastal plain (See Journal E. Mitchell Sci.
Sac, Vol. 35, p. 76, 1919). The plants require a moist, but well drained
soil containing humus, absence of lime, some shade (particularly in the
afternoon) and a mulch of rotting leaves or straw, the thicker the better.
If the conditions are not already suitable, which they rarely are
outside of the mountains, the soil should be dug out for a depth of 2^4
feet over the whole bed to be used, and the hole refilled by putting
stones or bricks or coarse gravel in the bottom a half foot deep, and
filling up with good loose soil mixed with plenty of leaf mold and some
well rotted manure. After planting and watering, the mulch of rotting
leaves should be put on at once.
Long Leaf Pine
The long leaf pine, and to a less extent other pines, are difficult to
transplant and also require a word. The difficulty is due to the long,
large tap root and absence of superficial rootlets. One should look for
young pines one or two feet high that are growing near the margins
of bays. Where the ground is wet a little below the surface it will be
found that superficial spreading roots have been formed instead of a
tap root. If a spade is plunged in all the way around the tree about
a foot and a half away from it, and no lifting done until the circular
cut is finished, it will often be possible to lift the tree out with a large
slab of earth holding to the roots, and by careful handling this may
be got into the prepared hole without falling away. Broom sedge or
other grass, if growing around the pines, will help to hold the soil to
the roots.
Design and Improvement of School Grounds 15
Cutting Back
Except in case of evergreens received from nurseries with a ball of
earth wrapped around the roots, or of herbs that can be lifted in the
shovel without disturbing the roots, all plants should be strongly cut
back when planted. For those who are without detailed knowledge of
practice it is best to make a general rule to cut back all trees to a single
stem and to cut off this stem one or two feet from the top. In this case,
as in all subsequent trimming, all branches should be cut even with the
stem without any stub. (See figs. 1 and 2.) Shrubs should have all
the stems shortened back about half way and dead or imperfect parts
removed. Broad-leaved evergreens such as magnolias, photinias, camel-
lias, and hollies, if received with a ball of earth should have all or nearly
all the leaves removed . and the branches shortened back about half.
If received without a ball of earth, or if taken from the woods, they
should be trimmed to a simple stem and the top cut off, as in the case
of deciduous trees, all leaves being removed from the stem.
After Care
The proper care of the plants after setting out is at least as important
as a right start, and it is to the absence of such care that most failures
are due. Struggling against grass and weeds for water, fertilizer and
sun it is no wonder that many shrubs are smaller after a year or
two than they were at the start. Starved and neglected, they have
about as much chance to perfect themselves as does a child in a slum
tenement. Before entering on any plans for improving the grounds,
the expense and labor involved in the subsequent care should be
thoroughly realized and arranged for. Where children are about and
not well controlled it is absolutely necessary to protect all planting
from their ruinous play and trampling at dangerous points. Beds
should be distinctly outlined with rocks, bricks or planks, and it is best
to use thorny plants in critical places. It is well to remember, though,
that plants should not be put in places where they would unduly crowd
or inconvenience the children. Think first where the plants have a
right to go and then thoroughly protect them.
During the first summer all plants should be watched carefully and
watered when necessary. Some will require little or no water; others
will need several thorough waterings during severe droughts. It is
especially necessary to water all evergreens and such trees as oaks, hick-
ories and pecans during the first summer. After that it is only in
16
Design and Improvement of Schooi. Grounds
severe droughts that water will be needed to preserve life, but watering
will always repay the trouble in the increased growth and beauty. All
weeds and grass should be kept away from the plants for several years,
or until they are thoroughly established and can keep down these
enemies with their shade. Around individual trees a circle three or
more feet across should be kept worked and fertilized for several years.
It will be of gi'eat benefit in retaining moisture and discouraging weeds
if the cut grass is raked up and put around the trees and shrubs as a
mulch.
Frnning
The barbarous practice of topping large trees, so prevalent in our
section, should never be thought of. The result is to destroy the beauty
FlOUBES 1 AND 2
Design and Improvement of School Grounds
17
of the tree and to shorten its life by many years. If trees are too close
together and begin to crowd each other, or make too dense a shade,
some should be cut out, not all topped. By a proper choice of plants'
Figure 3
the subsequent care can be reduced to a minimum, but there will always
be a certain amount of pruning necessary. A strong knife, pruning
shears and a saw are the only implements necessary to keep trees, shrubs
and hedges in order. Trees should have their broken and useless
branches removed close to the trunks so that no stub is left. If two
2
18
Design and Improvement of School Grounds
or more uprights try to form all but one should be removed^ us
branches that crowd others should be cut off, as well as sucJjers
branches or roots. Shrubs that tend to become too thin or stragg J ^^
too large for their place should be sheared back all around,
needed. Tall open growers like roses, weigelas, altheas, hydrangeas,
yopon are particularly in need of an annual shortening bacK.
or unhealthy shoots should be cut out. Those shrubs that ''1°°°' °^
the old wood in early spring, such as spireas, forsythias, ^^*^^^^^
quinces, etc., should be pruned immediately after flowering, ot ers
bloom on the new wood such as hydrangeas, roses, altheas, sumac s,
smohe hush, chaste tree, etc., may be pruned at any time that the leaves
are off. Some pruning with the leaves on will not hurt. For clipping
hedges see page 22.
Color
In the choice and arrangement of plants the color scheme should be
given careful consideration. In the accompanying fig. 4, m which the
colors green, yellow, orange, red, blue and purple are arranged ma
circle, the colors opposite each other are complementary, in other words
harmonize, whereas those close together are discordant.
When schoolhouses are of
red brick, as so many are, reds
and pinks should be avoided
unless they are modified by an
intervening background of
green foliage or white flowers.
Do not try to represent
every color in the area devoted
to decorative planting. Choose
one color for your dominating
note, blue for instance; find
its complementary color, which
is orange. Touches of orange
will emphasize the blue and
still give harmony and beauty
to the color scheme. This is especially important where the colors are
in close proximity. Where there are stretches of green and bits of foliage
to soften the harshness of clashing combinations, or masses of white to
eliminate them, the rule of complementary colors does not have to be
adhered to quite so strictly to insure a harmonious and pleasing effect.
FiQ. 4
s
GQ
Q
a
o
o
t-l
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H
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jSS'^aBfci
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4^^'
Design and Improvement of School Grounds IJ
The Use of Scientific Names
The use of scientific names in addition to the popular names ma^
seem superfluous, hence the need of a word of explanation. An ex
elusive use of popular names brings about great confusion, since in dif
ferent sections of the country the same name is often applied to man^
different species. Take the pine family for example: of the thirty
nine species in the United States nine different ones are called sprud
pine, six are called yellow pine ; the long-leaf pine of the coastal plai:
(^Pinus palustris) has twenty-seven different popular names. There i
a western pine which, among other names, is called brown-bark pine
yellow pine, red pine and black pine.
Accuracy in nomenclature is particularly important in dealing wit]
nurseries. In ordering an oak, for instance, you might be sent any on
of the twenty-four species that are native to this state; by specifyini
laurel oak you might either get that or the shingle oak, also called laure
oak, but if you say Quercus laurifolia there will be no mistake. IJs
the scientific name in ordering from nurseries. Our hook. The Tree
of North Carolina, listed on p. 48, should enable any educated perso:
to find the names of the trees without any difficulty.
The scientific naming of plants is not entirely a bit of imaginatior
though some of it is. Many plants are named for their qualities, bu
many are named for men or states or countries, and some even for senti
mental reasons, as to compliment a sweetheart.
Carolus Linneaus, the great Swedish botanist, and founder of botani
cal nomenclature, named many of our plants that were sent to him b;
collectors of early days. He used every possible consideration in nam
ing plants, frequently as a compliment to his friends, and often to pei
petuate the names of collectors or states. But often he was purel;
fanciful, and sometimes perpetrated jokes with his naming, as in th
ease of a genus of flowers, some of them wild here, that is closely relate
to the Wandering Jew. They have pretty blue flowers that are cor
spieuous along embankments in our mountains. In studying the flower
of one of these plants Linneaus found that they had two kinds o
stamens; some perfect that produced pollen, and others sterile tha
produced nothing. "When he saw this it reminded him of three Dutcl
friends of his named Commelin. They were brothers and all botanists
Two of them were energetic men, and published a good deal of botanica
investigation. The other brother was intelligent but too lazy to publisl
20 Desigit and Improvement of School Grounds
anything. He would not take that much trouble. So Linneaus named
this plant Commelina after the Commelin brothers, which were also of
two kinds, fertile and sterile.
THE PERGOLA OR ARBOR
Besides the trees and shrubs that enhance the beauty of grounds a
pergola should be considered. In a garden it is somewhat of a luxury,
but it can hardly be thought of as such on school grounds. Many of
our school children come from such a distance that they must bring
their lunch with them. Since we realize that it is absolutely necessary
to have the children out of doors and the building aired during every
recess, this means that the child must find some place on the school
grounds to eat his midday meal. Leaning up against the building in a
hot sun to eat is neither pleasant nor restful. A long simple vine-
covered pergola would solve this problem. Here the children could
spend a quiet noon hour eating their lunch in peace and protection
from the sun. The expense of such a pergola can be reduced to a
minimum if cedar or cypress logs are contributed by various parents
and the manual training class builds it. People will be glad to con-
tribute vines such as wisteria, which will transform the pergola into
one of the most beautiful as well as one of the most useful features of
the grounds. Other vines well suited for the pergola are yellow jessa-
mine, truTTipet vine, cross vine, wild or cultivated grapes and climbing
roses (see fig. 5). For details of the design see Plate 12. If
trash containers are placed in the pergola it will help to eliminate the
papers and scraps, results of this meal that one so often sees scattered
over the grounds. These should be inconspicuous in color and shape
and placed beside the posts at frequent intervals.
FiQ. 5
Design and Improvement of School Grounds 2
SCHOOL GARDENS
Almost as important as the school grounds themselves is the scho^
garden. Here each child can experiment for himself in the growl
of vegetables and flowers. A task that seems mere drudgery at hon
may be a pleasure when it is part of a competition with friends. Eve
if a child raises only one thing and does that well he has gained :
knowledge and practical experience. A row of well grown lettuce m£
be quite as valuable to him or her as a perfect arithmetic lesson. It
surprising how few kinds of vegetables are planted in the averaj
country garden. Such fine and useful things as asparagus, lettuc
spinach, salsify (oyster plant), carrots, egg plant, and hrussels sproit
are very rarely seen. It is well worth while to use the school gard(
to familiarize the children with the culture and use of these and oth
good vegetables.
There are several vegetables that, if planted in September, w
mature before the end of the school year, and the children will get t
full benefit of their labors. Lettuce, turnips, mustard, radishes, co
rots, peas and spinach will all be ready in the spring if given an ear
start. The child's pride in successful results and the experience gain
from mistakes will be well worth the trouble and slight expense nec(
sary. If land is available the expense can be reduced to the cost of t
seed, a few simple tools, and some manure or fertilizers which the parei
might be persuaded to contribute. Some of the children might obta
a great deal of pleasure from a cold frame constructed of bricks
planks and panes of glass.
There are also hardy herbaceous perennials, flowers that are w^
worth a place in the school garden both for their beauty in the gard
itself and for their value as cut flowers in the school room, which is t
often devoid of anything decorative. Of the rather few that blossc
before the end of the school year some of the best and easiest to gr<
are nasturtiwms, candytuft, yarrow, violets, pansies, cornflowers a:
poppies. By planting bulbs in the fall the child can have a brig
display of hyacinths, jonquils, narcissus, tulips, crocuses, and snowdrop
Plants like candytuft and pansies can be sown in boxes and kept in t
school room until early spring. Violets, hepaticas, daisies and otl
familiar wild flowers may be dug up in the fall and will blossom in t
spring.
22
DXSIGN AND ImPBOYBMENT OF SoHOOL GbOTTITOS
A child that has had the responsibility of a bed of flowers or vege-
tables from germination to maturity, and produced results, has gained
from his schooling something of which he himself can see the practical
value. This will create or increase an interest in school work.
HEDGES AND HEDGE PLANTS
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Hedges or closely planted borders may either be clipped to an ordered
form or allowed to grow freely. As clipping is labor we should plan
a free hedge when it would serve equally well for use
or effect. For screening ugly houses or unpleasant
views clusters or rows of untrimmed plants do quite as
well as, or better than, trimmed hedges. If it is im-
portant to have a boundary that will keep out anim.als
or people, the growth can be made denser by severe clipping during the
first few years, and thorny plants should be used as already mentioned.
Most if not all the clipped privet hedges we see are not worth the labor
they cost and are indeed far less beautiful as a rule than a hedge or
boundary of some other sort that requires only a frac-
tion of the care.
For the front boundary along the sidewalk or road
there is nothing so good as a low wall of rock or brick.
Behind this, if one wishes, may be planted a free hedge
of Thwiberg's spirea or Thunberg's iarherry or a row of iris or yucca.
If a wall cannot be afforded, it is along this front boundary that a low
privet hedge is most in place. For boundaries between lots or to border
paths it is much better to use spireas, Japan quinces, lilacs, barberries,
rugosa or spinossissima roses. They need very little
trimming to be kept in nice shape. A shortening of
unruly branches once a year is enough (for best time for
this pruning see page 18). Box or arbor-vitae are
easily kept in formal shape with very little clipping.
Yuccas or iris, which of course require no clipping, will also make a
pretty division line or walk border. In the coastal region a beautiful
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Design and Improvement of School Gbounds S
hedge can be made of wax myrtle or of yopon, the latter requirir
clipping if a dense hedge is desired.
In clipped hedges the shapes most used are shown in figures 7 to ]
from end view; square top and sides (fig. 7), symmetri-
cally rounded (fig. 8), arched to a ridge (fig. 9), slant-
ing top with flat sides (fig. 10). Probably the best
form, considering looks, labor and upkeep and healthy
growth of the plant, is the arched shape (fig. 9). Fiq- lo
Figures 6, 11 and 12 give side views of different forms : the simple lev
line of fig. 12, the square extension blocks at regular intervals of fig. 1
and the very effective insertions in the hedge of pyramidal conife
such as arhor-vitae at regular intervals (fig. 6). Eapid growing hedg
like Amoor River privet (so-called, Ligustrum chinense,) must 1
clipped several times during the growing season if they are to be ke;
dense and neat.
Below are listed the best available hedge plants for our state:
Japanese Baebebbt (Berheris TJiunbergii) . The beet shrub for a lo'
undipped hedge in the middle and western sections. Very healthy and hard
it has the further advantage of small, dense foliage which turns to beautifi
colors in the fall, and of bright red berries for winter color. The abunda:
prickles are very discouraging to unwelcome animal visitors.
Box (Buxus sempervirens and the dwarf variety.) The box Is too we
known to need description. For permanence and dignity there is no eve
green shrub that can quite take Its place and it is only to be feared that i
this restless age it will too often be neglected for other quicker growin
but Inferior plants.
Tbitoliate Orange {Citrus trifoliata). An excellent hedge plant for boun
aries, as its formidable thorns will turn both man and beast. It is decor
tive at all times of the year, bearing fragrant white flowers in spring, show
yellow, inedible oranges in the fall, with its green stems conspicuous in tl
winter. It is about ten to fifteen feet high, if allowed to grow freely, but ms
be kept down and made denser by clipping.
Japanese Quince (Pyrus japonica). Among the few good spiny hedf
plants this stands among the very best. It is very strong and permanen
hard to penetrate, and if the best varieties are chosen it is one of the mo;
brilliant of all shrubs when in flower. The kinds that flower before tl
26 Design and Impkovembnt of School Gbounds
AfiBOB DAT
The general conception of Arbor Day makes it a day for planting:
trees ; this literal interpretation should give way to a much broader and
more inclusive one. If the grounds are without trees plant some by all
means, but if there are enough trees plant shrubs on Arbor Day, and if
the grounds abound in shrubs then plant perennials like irises and
peonies. If the goal toward which the planting plan has pointed has
been reached and your trees, shrubs and vines and perennials have all
been planted in their proper places, even then Arbor Day can and should,
be observed, for once a plant is in the ground one's duties toward it
are not ended; it still needs care and food. Organize the school into
squads, some to rake or mow the lawn, others to clip and prune, and
others to give the plants the much needed fertilizers. In this way Arbor
Day will pass leaving the grounds more beautiful, either as a result of
a general clean up or increased planting, besides renewing interest and
enthusiasm in the young people.
TfUESEEIES
The plants that are not native and therefore cannot be found in the
woods and fields must be either secured by individual contributions or
bought from a nursery. In buying from Iforth Carolina nurseries one
is more apt to get varieties adapted to the climate. Moreover, several
important N"orth Carolina nurseries have offered to sell to the schools
at reduced rates. For names of nurseries write us.
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS
The South is rapidly growing in wealth and ambition and is now a
promising field for the professional landscape architect. The disordered
and adventitious growth of nearly all of our communities, rural or
urban, with no realization of or provision for the most elementary
social or civic needs of the people can be corrected only by a careful
consideration of such needs and the adoption of a comprehensive plan
for growth and alteration. To formulate such a plan it is imperative
that an architect of ability and experience be employed. Such an
architect is also needed in all important developments of institutions
parks, large school properties, private grounds, etc. '
We can furnish the names of competent landscape architects on
inquiry.
WHAT TO PLANT Df EACH SECTION OF THE STATE
We give below a short list of the plants we consider the most desirable
and easily obtainable for each section of the state. The word native
here means that they are native to that section of the state in which they
are listed. Others, often equally as good, are given in the longer lists
that follow. We have not added deciduous shrubs to the short special
lists, because so many of them are good throughout nearly the whole
state. The longer descriptive lists (p. 31) will give scientific names
and will warn against those unfitted for certain sections.
Eastern Section
Broad-leaved Evergreen Trees
Magnolia — ^Native Mock Orange — ^Native
Live Oak — ^Native Japanese Oak
Holly — ^Native Photinia
American Olive — ^Native
Coniferous Evergreens
Long-leaf Pine — Native Incense Cedar
Short-leaf Pine — Native American Arbor-vit*
Loblolly Pine — Native Oriental Arbor-vitae
Red Cedar-^Native Cunnlnghamia lanceolata
Norway Spruce Cryptomeria japonica
Deodara Cedar Fortune's Yew
For the warmer coastal strip the following might be added:
Loquat Palmetto — ^Native
Camphor
Deciduous Trees
Cypress— Native Willow Oak—Native
Black "Willow— Native Laurel Oak— Native
Black Walnut— Native White Elm— Native
White-heart Hickory Hackberry- Native
and others— Native Sweet Bay— Native
Red Birch— Native Tulip Tree— Native
Beech— Native Sweet Gum-Native
White Oak— Native Honey Locust— Native
Scarlet Oak— Native Ash-leaved Maple— Native
28
Dbsigit aktd Improvement of School Geounds
Deoiduous Trees — Continued
Kentucky Coffee Tree
Ginkgo
White Willow
Yellow Willow
Weeping Willow
Bay Willow
Pecan
Soulange's Magnolia
Mimosa
Crape Myrtle
Japanese Cherry
Redbud — ^Native
Red Maple — ^Native
Dogwood — Native
Black Gum — ^Native
White Ash — Native
Evergreen Shrubs and Canes
Dwarf Palmetto — Native
Wax Myrtle — Native
Yopon — Native
Gallberry — Native
Yuccas — ^Native
Sweet Olive
Holly-leaved Olive
Banana Shrub
Japanese Laurel
Quihoui Privet
Pittosporum
Oleander
Mahonia japonica
Camellia japonica
Gardenia
Tea
Viburnum tinus
Rosemary
Lavender
Bamboos
Magnolia — ^Native
Holly — ^Native
Loblolly Pine — Native
Oldfield Pine — ^Native
Jersey Pine — ^Native
Red Cedar — ^Native
Hemlock — Native
Norway Spruce
Colorado Spruce
Oriental Spruce
White Fir
Douglas Fir
Middle Section
Broad-leaved Evergreen Trees
Photinia
Coniferous Evergreens
Nordman's Fir
American Arbor-vitse
Oriental Arbor-vitse
Chinese Juniper
Cedrus atlantica
Deodara Cedar
Incense Cedar
Cunninghamia lanceolata
Cryptomeria japonica
Japanese Yew
Deciduous Trees
Cypress — Native
Black Willow — Native
Large-leaved Poplar — ^Native
White-heart Hickory
and others — ^Native
Black Walnut— Native
Red Birch— Native
Beech — Native
White Oak— Native
Red Oak-^Native
Design and Impeovembnt of School Geounds
29
Deciduous Trees— Continued
Scarlet Oak — Native
Willow Oak — Native
Pin Oak — Native
White Elm — Native
Ash-leaved Maple — ^Native
Ginkgo
White Willow
Yellow Willow
Weeping Willow
Bay Willow
iSoulange's Magnolia
Buckeye — ^Native
Linden — ^Native
Dogwood — Native
Black Gum — ^Native
Sourwood — ^Native
White Ash— Native
Mimosa
Crape Myrtle
Kentucky Coffee Tree
Black Locust
Japanese Cherry
Large-leaved Poplar
Laurel Oak
Hackberry — Native
Tulip Tree — Native
Sweet Gum — Native
Honey Locust — Native
Redbud — Native
Red Maple — Native
Sugar Maple — Native
Evergreen Shriibs and Ownes
Rhododendrons — Native
Kalmias — Native
Yuccas — ^Native
Pittosporum — Native
Mahonia japonica
Quihoui Privet
Yopon
Japanese Holly
Sweet Olive
Holly-leaved Olive
Rosemary
Lavender
Bamboos
Western Section
BroaclAeaved Evergreen Trees
Holly — ^Native
Coniferous Trees
White Pine — ^Native
Short-leal Pine — ^Native
Mountain Pine — Native
Jersey Pine — ^Native
White Spruce — Native
Black Spruce — ^Native
Red Cedar — ^Native
Hemlock — ^Native
Carolina Hemlock — ^Native
Fraser's Fir — Native
Nordman's Fir
Douglas Fir
Norway Spruce
Colorado Spruce
Oriental Spruce
American Arbor-vitae
Oriental Arbor-vitse
Chinese Juniper
Incense Cedar
Cunninghamia
Japanese Yew
30
Design and Impeovement of School Gkounds
Black Willow— Native
Large-leaved Poplar — ^Native
Black Walnut — ^Native
White-heart Hickory
and others — Native
Red Birch — Native
White Birch — ^Native
Cherry Birch — Native
Beech — Native
White Oak— Native
Red Oak — ^Native
Tulip Tree— Native
Sweet Gum — Native
Redbud — Native
Yellowwood — ^Native
Black Locust — ^Native
Deciduous Trees
Sugar Maple — Native
Red Maple — Native
Buckeye — Native
Linden — Native
Dogwood — Native
Sourwood — Native
Silver Bell — Native
White Ash — Native
White Willow
Yellow Willow
Weeping Willow
Bay Willow
Kentucky Coffee Tree
Crape Myrtle
Japanese Cherry
Evergreen Shrubs and Canes
Rhododendrons — Native Japanese Holly
Kalmias — Native Mahonia japonica
Yuccas Rosemary
Plttosporum Lavender
Quihoui Privet Bamboos
PLATE S
SCENES IX THE UNIVERSITY ARBORETUM
Chapel Hill, N. C.
OBNAMENTAIi TREES, SHRUBS, VINES, AND FLOWERS
Broad-Leared Evergreen Trees
Live Oak (Qtiercus virginiana) . Its wide spreading crown, strong
branches and small dense evergreen leaves make an old live oak one of the
most picturesque objects in the southeastern states. It is native to our
«oast and often draped with grey moss. It does well at least as far west
as Chapel Hill.
Japanese Oak (Quercus acuta). For the coastal plain this recently avail-
able small oak has proved of exceptional value. Its dense, shining leaves,
rounded crown and healthy growth fit it to take the place here that the
holly-leaved oak or "Ilex" of the Mediterranean region fills there. A long
walk bordered with this oak would give distinction to any grounds. It is
best not to prune this at all as it will make a good head anyway and we
find that cut branches are apt to be infected and killed by a fungus (Endothia
gyrosa), related to the chestnut blight.
LoKLOiXT Bat (Gordonia Lasianthus) . A medium-sized evergreen with
A narrow compact head and conspicuous white flowers, found along edges of
bays and in parts of the coastal plain. A very beautiful tree, but it does well
In cultivation only when its natural habitat is duplicated.
Red Bat (Persea pubescens). A small tree of the eastern swamps with
long, shiny green leaves and small creamy flowers. It is well adapted for
damp, sandy soil in the eastern part of the State.
Dahoon Hollt (Ilex Gassine). A small slender evergreen tree, native of
swamp margins near the coast with thick leaves and persistent red berries.
^^uite ornamental and worthy of cultivation in the coastal region.
Mock Oeange or Carolina Laurel Cherrt. See hedge plants (p. 22.)
YopoN. See hedge plants (p. 22.)
American Hollt (Ilex opaea). A well known tree with thick spiny
evergreen leaves and red berries. Once common throughout the State, but
now becoming much scarcer through the destructive work of Christmas berry
bunters. Even in home grounds it is often raided by vandals. It is espe-
■cially suited to damp, sandy soil.
Magnolia (Magnolia granAiflora). A magnificent evergreen with large,
shiny, deep green leaves and large fragrant white flowers which open in June.
Devtcwood, Wild Olive (Osmanthus americanus) . A small evergreen tree
of the coastal region. Fruit resembles a small olive. Flowers small but
abundant and fragrant. A very attractive tree in cultivation.
LoQUAT, Japan Plum (Erioiotrya japonica). A small tree with thick,
flossy green leaves that are rusty beneath; the large fragrant flowers in rusty
woolly clusters appearing from summer till winter. The fruit, which Is
32 Design and Improvement of School Grounds
good to eat, rarely matures in this state. A very desirable ornament for
the coastal region, but not fully hardy at Fayetteville. It is fine as a single
specimen on the lawn.
Photinia {Fhotinia serrulata) . A beautiful evergreen tree with a rounded
head, dense, deep green shining leaves that turn red a few at a time before they
fall. The flowers are small, whitish and borne in large, flat clusters at the
tips of the branches. In winter the large buds are red and conspicuous in
contrast with the green.
Palmetto (Sabal palmetto). This striking subtropical tree is native to
Smith Island in the extreme southeastern comer of the state and is hardy
along a coastal strip including Wilmington and all of New Hanover and
Brunswick. Within this area it should be used abundantly.
Coniferous Trees
(Most are Evergreen)
Balsam, Fraseb's Fir (Abies Fraseri). A charming tree with fragrant
leaves and upright cones. Native to the mountains and not successful in
any other section of the state.
White Fie (AMes concolor). A western species with light green leaves
which withstand heat and drought best of all the firs. A hardy and rapii
grower and one of the most useful firs throughout the state.
Nobdman's Fir (AMes Nordmanniana) . Leaves dark green above, silvery
white below; very hardy and desirable in all the sections; of slow growth,,
but long lived, dense and beautiful.
Cedrus atlantica. Large pyramidal cedar with glaucous green leaves.
The branches are wide and spreading which gives it a very distinct appear-
ance. Prefers well drained, loamy soil, and is good In all sections.
Deodaea Cedab, (Cedrus deodara). A rapid grower and one of the best
evergreens for the coastal plain; leaves bluish green. Will succeed in all
sections.
Oryptomeria japonica elegans. A small, dense, pyramidal tree of rapid:
growth with horizontal branches and drooping branchlets, the bright green
leaves changing to bronze in fall and winter. Best in the middle and eastern
sections.
Gunningnam-ia lanceolata. A tree with lance-like leaves on horizontal,
branches; a rapid and symmetrical grower attaining a good height, but the
lower branches are not very persistent, which is a defect in a lawn conifer.
Chinese Juniper (Juniperus chinensis). A pyramidal tree of grey green
color and strong healthy growth that is not particular as to soil; one of the
best dense conifers. The variety procumbens is a prostrate spreading form
of this and according to our experience is the very best and healthiest conifer
of this habit. It Is very fine among or near rocks or margins of fountains
Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana) . A common native tree found in the
woods throughout most of the state and transplanted without much difficulty
It is very variable in color, form and density. A deep green, dense tree fulL
Design and Improvement of School Grounds 33
of berries is a fine sight, but a straggling, yellowish, pollinate one may be
anything but handsome. It should not be placed near apple trees as the
orange balls produced in spring are a fungus disease which spreads to the
apple trees.
Incense Cedae {Lihocedrus decurrens). Tall, stately, of upright growth
with beautiful dark green foliage. Very ornamental and one of the best
conifers for the middle and eastern sections.
White Spbuce (Picea canadensis). Foliage light bluish green, cones
brown and glossy. In the mountains this does well and Is of great beauty
but it will not flourish elsewhere in the state.
Black Spettce (Picea mariana) . A fine large tree native to the mountains
with slender, often pendulous branches. It does not do well east of the
foothills.
Norway Spbuce (Picea excelsa). A tall, picturesque, spreading tree with
drooping branches; hardy, graceful and of rapid growth. Makes a good
windbreak and is far more adaptable and vigorous than our native spruces,
succeeding even in the coastal plain.
Oriental Spruce (Picea orientalis) . A very hardy and ornamental middle-
sized spruce with dark, dense foliage. It will succeed at least as far east as
Chapel Hill.
Bhotan Pine (Pinus excelsa). Forms a large irregular pyramid with
bluish green leaves. The color is about that of the white pine and it Is not
subject to attack of the scale insects that infest and often ruin the latter.
Succeeds in all sections.
Long-leaf Pine (Pinus palustris). A picturesque and decorative pine
particularly valuable for the eastern part of the state where it is native and
can therefore be procured without any expense. For transplanting see p. 14.
Mountain Pine, Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida). This is the common pine of
our mountains and should be used for that section.
Loblolly Pine (Pinus Taeda) . An attractive pine with long leaves, native
in the eastern and middle sections of the state. A row of loblolly pines and
native oedar makes an inexpensive screen to hide objectionable views.
Jersey Pine (Pinus virginiana). A native of the western and middle part
of the state. It can be used with the loblolly pine to give variety.
Betinospora plumosa squarrosa. An interesting plant of small size and
curious blue green, feathery looking foliage. Very effective in contrast to
other forms.
Japanese Umbeeixa Pine (Sciadopitys verticellata) . Of tall pyramidal
habit with deep green needles in whorls. In age the branches become spread-
ing or pendulous. Interesting for contrast and seems to do well In all
sections.
Bald oe Deciduous Cypress (Taxodium distichum). A tall, deciduous
conifer of the coastal plain swamps with feathery foliage of great beauty.
It sends up large knees around the trunk. This tree Is particularly valuable
for wet or moist land, but will do very well in rich, porous uplands.
3
34 Design- and Impeovbment of School Grounds
English Yew {Taxus iaocata). A small tree forming a low broad head
with dark green leaves. If the conditions are just right it does well, but as
a rule is short lived In our state.
Japanese Yew (Taxus cuspidata). This is better adapted to our conditions
than the above and is a very fine small tree or shrub for lawns or borders.
The variety nana is a good dwarf form of this.
Fortune's Yew (Cephalotaxus Fortunei). A small, sturdy, spreading bush
or tree that is good against the house or in angles of walks. It is odd in
having a plum-like fruit.
Canadian Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). A very fine and graceful tree,
native to our mountains, and one of the five or six best conifers for general
use. It also makes a good trimmed hedge.
Cabolina Hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana). Smaller than the Canada hemlock
and more rigid in outline. While beautiful and interesting it is of much
slower growth than the preceding and far less reliable out of the mountain
section. Should be used freely from the center westward.
American Aebor-vit^ (Thuja occidentalis). A small tree of a narrow,
pyramidal, rather compact form; useful for formal planting for gardens or
for path borders; succeeds in all sections. There are a number of varieties
for special uses. Some of the best are: var, pyramidalis, very narrow and
formal; var. glotosa, small and compact; and var. fllicoides, broadly pyra-
midal with crested, fern-like foliage.
Oriental Abbob-vit^ (Thuja orientaUs). Much like the above and suc-
ceeds in all sections. Among the many varieties several of importance are
var. compacta, small, dense and bright green; var. aurea nana (Bebckman's
Golden Aebob-vit^), a dwarf golden compact form; var. pyramidalis, very
narrow, tall and formal; var. Hoveyei, a dwarf form, dense, ovate to globose,
with bright green foliage.
Deciduons Trees
Red Maple (Acer rubrum). Good for moist places and any good soil; sur-
passes all other maples in beauty of flower and fruit and fall coloration.
Middle and eastern.
Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum). The longest lived of all our maples and
the most desirable in cultivation; prefers rich uplands and cool mountain
slopes. The tall and rather columnar form make it useful as an accent
among lower and more spreading kinds. In Chapel Hill it is one of the
healthiest trees we have and the autumn coloring is magnificent. As a
street tree in the middle and western sections of our state it has few equals.
Native.
English Field Maple (Acer campestre) . Small, dense, dark, symmetrical,
campact; makes a pleasing contrast behind sweet ireath of spring. Yon
Soutte's spirea, forsythia, etc. As a specimen tree for the lawn it has every-
thing to recommend it except the inconspicuous flowers. Middle and western.
Ash-leaved Maple, Box Elder (Acer negundo). A small tree of wide
spreading; rapid growth. Valuable for quick shade. Throughout the State.
Design and Improvement op School Grounds 35
Norway Mapui (Acer platanoides) . A good street and lawn tree; leaves
golden yellow In the fall. Throughout the State.
European Horse Chestntit (Aesoulus Mppocastanum) . Symmetrical,
dense; flowers white, showy. Excellent for lawns In the eastern and middle
sections. The var. flore pleno has double flowers which hold longer before
fading. Our mountain species, Aesculus oetanWra, is also fine and should
be used In the western section. Aesculus ruMcunda, of garden origin and
about the same habits, is pop'Ular.
Mimosa Tree (AlHzzia julibrissin) . Beautiful both for its graceful
feathery foliage and its numerous delicate fragrant flowers; forms a low
flat topped crown and in all gives a decidedly subtropical effect. Valuable
for the eastern and middle sections.
Chinese Anoelica Tree {Aralia cMnensis). A small tree with huge
leaves and flower heads borne on the ends of slender stems. Does well in
all sections.
Eubopean White Birch (Betula ana). Delicate, graceful, with white bark
and spreading, pendulous branches. Except in the mountains it should be
planted only in moist places, and even then its life is precarious. Excellent
for planting among evergreens. The cut-leaved variety, ladniata gracilis
pendula, is of even more delicate beauty.
Cherry Birch (Betula lenta). A good round-headed tree for the moun-
tains. Native.
Red or River Birch (Betula nigra). A moisture-loving, tall, graceful tree;
good for swampy land or along streams at any place in the state. Native.
WESTiaiN Catalpa (Catalpa speciosa). While not of the first class for
beauty this is useful for filling in bare places and borders. The trunks
make most desirable posts and after ten or fifteen years superfluous trees
may be used for this purpose.
Nettle Tree or Sugarberry (Celtis oocidentalis) . A good tree that does
well all over the state in almost any soil. Native.
Redbud or Judas Tree (Oercis canadensis). One of the most beautiful of
our native flowering trees; covered with clusters of purple flowers in early
spring before the leaves come out.
Black Walnut (Jwglans nigra). A handsome well known native tree that
does well throughout the state.
White-heart Hickory (Hicoria alba). A tall short-limbed tree with large
leaves that turn a beautiful yellow in the fall. Common throughout the
state and one of the best trees for school grounds. The pignut, shell-bark
and other hickories are also good.
Pecan (Hicoria pecan). This fine healthy nut and shade tree should be
much more often planted. It prefers the deep loamy soil of river bottoms
in the coastal plain, but will grow well in uplands throughout the middle
sections.
36 Design and Improvement of School Geounds
Yellow-wood (Gladastris lutea). A very handsome tree In cultivation
forming a symmetrical rounded head. The flowere are white, fragrant, droop-
ing and much like wisteria. Native to the mountains and not of much value
except in or near them.
White Ash (Fraxinus americana). Very tall and healthy and popular as
a lawn or street tree. The green ash is also good.
Beech (Fagus grandifolia). A handsome native tree with smooth, grey
hark found along brooks throughout most of the state. "Where a dense
shade is not ohjectionahle or along smaller boundaries or as a single speci-
men on the lawn there are few trees more beautiful or permanent.
BuBOPEAN Beech (Fagus sylvatica). This is very like our own beech and
can be used in similar ways. Its variety asplenifolia or cut-leaved ieecJi
is dense, low and unsurpassed in beauty of form and foliage. The variety
purpurea differs from the species in its dark purple leaves and is the best
tree of this striking color.
Kentucky Coffee Tree (Oymnocladus dioica). A desirable shade tree,
free from disease and graceful in appearance; leaves very large and com-
pound. May be planted in any fair soil and is good for city streets.
Honey Locust (Q-leditsia triacanthos) . A well known thorny tree with
spreading branches and an open feathery foliage that casts a light shade.
Maidenhaie Teee (Ginkgo 'bilolia). A tall hardy tree with horizontal
branches, native of China. Very unusual and picturesque and should be
planted for its great botanical interest as it is unlike any other living tree.
Sllvek Bell, Snowdrop Tree (Halesia tetraptera). A small native tree
that is covered with very lovely white flowers borne in the middle of May
before the leaves. It does not thrive well except in or near the mountains
and prefers deep, rich soil in somewhat sheltered places.
Crape Myrtle (Lagerstroemia indioa). The magnificent flowers and fine
autumn colors make this one of the most desirable of small trees. There
are at least five varieties of flower colors, deep pink or water melon color,
lighter pink, pinkish purple, darker purplish (magenta) and white. Of these
the ones without purplish tint are most beautiful. In planting one should
try to plant shoots from a tree that is known to be of good color. Shoots
from the roots can usually be found and can be made to form more abun-
dantly by cutting some of the roots with a spade at some distance from the
tree.
Sweet Gum (lAquidamiar styradflua). Tall, very healthy and with a
fine fall color. Adapted to poorly drained soil where most trees fail. Native.
Tulip Tree or Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) . Very large and beautiful
and a rapid grower; valuable for its foliage and tulip shaped flowers.
Soulange's Magnolia (Magnolia Soulangeana) . A beautiful small oriental
tree with large very abundant purple and white flowers appearing before
the leaves in early spring. Will stand damp soil and is a great favorite.
Sweet Bay (Magnolia virginiana). A small tree of the coastal plain found
in swamps or moist places, therefore valuable for wet ground in decorative
PLATE 10
OLD :\L\GNOLL\ WITH .SPANLSH MOSS
This venerable tree stands in the old neglected garden of Andre Miclianx,
established near Charleston, S. C, in 1787. From this garden Michanx intro-
duced into France many of the finest trees and shrubs of the United States.
See Journal E. Mitchell "Sci. Soc, Vol. 27, Plate Ul, July, 1011.
Desigst and Improvement of School Geounds 37
planting. Flowers white and very fragrant. This should be used much
more as it is very satisfactory in cultivation.
Black Gum (Nyssa sylvatica). A native tree adaptable to any soil and
especially useful for wet places; the autumn color is brilliant.
SoTJBWooD iOxydendron ahoreum). A small tree turning a vivid red in
the fall; the flowers recalling lily of the valley, appearing in late spring
or summer. The tree is not adapted to open situations and it prefers wood
conditions with a mulch of rotting leaves in cool soil; it appears to best
advantage in front of evergreens.
Cakouna Poplas (Populus caroliniensis) . A straight rapid growing tree
making an upright head. For quick shade and effect this is much used and
is desirable. As a permanent tree it is inferior on account of its short
life and lack of character. The very early fall of the leaves is another
defect. The Volga Poplar sold by a few nurseries is much like it and is said
to hold its leaves much longer.
LoMBABDY POPT.AB (Populus nigro-UaUca) . A strikingly picturesque tree
of tall, narrow habit, very rapid growth and very useful for breaking monot-
onous lines and for softening the corners of tall buildings. It is not very
long-lived in America and rarely lasts in good condition for more than thirty
or forty years.
Japanese Cheebt (Prunus Sieboldi). The Japanese flowering cherry is
famous for its beauty in Japan and is now being much used in this country.
For early spring display they are very fine and are worth trying. Among
the most beautiful varieties are alba flora plena, Shirofugen, Hizakura,
Mount Fuji, OkVr^myaJco.
White Oak (Quercus alba). This grand native tree is considered by many
to be the most majestic of all oaks. In Chapel Hill we have nothing to equal
it and anyone who has seen a full grown, massive white oak in all its
strength and dignity will know what a tree can stand for in the life of a
people. It is folly to plant greatly inferior things to the exclusion of this
oak just because they are supposed to grow faster. A single fine white oak is
worth more as an inspiration than a whole forest of poplars, china-berries or
paulonias.
Scablet Oak (Quercus coccinea). This fine .native oak is of good form
and very fine foliage which turns brilliant scarlet in fall. It is not among
the very long-lived species, but is good for variety and fall color and especially
useful in rather poor, rocky uplands.
Pin Oak {Quercus palustris). A tall, symmetrical, pyramidal tree retain-
ing its lower branches to the ground, a habit which makes it unique and
especially desirable as a lawn specimen. It has also been proved to be very
good for a street tree. Until recently this tree has not been known to be
native to North Carolina, but it has now been found to be not rare in the
swamps near Chapel Hill.
Wiiiow Oak (Quercus Phellos). A large tree with leaves resembling those
of a willow. Easily obtainable in the woods and one of the three or four
38 Design and Improvement of School Grounds
most ornamental and satisfactory of our oaks. It is especially suited to low,
moist places, but does well in any good soil.
Laukel Oak, Darlington Oak (Querciis lawrifoUa). In many respects this
is one of the very finest oaks in America. Our photograph (PI. 4) shows
the fine symmetry and form of the young tree which is retained for many
years, indeed for life if not crowded. In the Pee Dee section of South Caro-
lina and in parts of eastern North Carolina it is much used for streets and
lawns and is partly evergreen.
Red Oak {Quercus rubra). A large, majestic oak which for richness of
foliage is scarcely equalled by any other. It is native to the middle and
western districts and is occasionally found on the coastal plain.
Black Locust (RoHnia Pseudo-acacia) . A rather small tree with beautiful
fragrant racemes of white fiowers which greatly resemble those of wisteria.
It is native to our mountains and is especially good in borders here and
there on account of its sweet flowers.
"White "Wnxow (Salix allia). A strong tree with silvery grey leaves.
One of the best of the willows and fine in damp places and In contrast with
black and yellow willows.
WEBa>iNG Wnxow (Salix taiylonica) . This well known tree is very pic-
turesque and effective and is particularly good along the edges of ponds.
Black Willow (Salix nigra). A very good tree to use in moist or swampy
places as it can be found along streams throughout the state. The deli-
cate light green foliage makes a fine contrast with other trees.
Bat or Laubel-leaved Willow (Salix pentandra). A small tree or shrub
with large, dark green, shining leaves. Very decorative for planting in front
of large willows with different colored foliage.
Yellow Willow (Salix lAtellina). A fine tree for wet places. Bark a
conspicuous yellow in winter and very attractive if contrasted with ever-
greens or red and white barked trees.
Lime, Linden, Basswood (Tilia americana). A very handsome, healthy
tree with large shining leaves and fragrant creamy white flowers which are
very much sought by bees; a rapid grower and best adapted to the moun-
tain and Piedmont sections.
White ok Silver Linden (Tilia tomentosa). Leaves dark green above and
silver white beneath, forming a striking contrast. A very beautiful
native tree for lawns in the middle and western sections.
White Elm (Vlmus americana). Its plume-like form, hardiness and
longevity make this one of the most popular shade and lawn trees, and in
the south it has so far been nearly free from the destructive elm-leaf beetle.
It should not be planted near sewers as its roots often fill them up.
Flowering Dogwood (Gornus florida). This beautiful tree well known to
us all should be used abundantly in front of evergreens and at the back of
borders. It prefers a moist soil and some shade.
Design and Impkovement of School Gkounds 39
Erergreen Shrubs and Canes
(See also Hedge Plants)
Rhododendrons. We have in our state five species of Rhododendron,
R. maximum, R. catawbiense, R. caroXinianum,, R. m,inus, and R. punctatum.
Of these the first two are the largest and most commonly cultivated. The
second is one of the parents of many fine hybrids that are unsurpassed among
evergreen shrubs. A few of the best of these hybrid varieties are album
elegans (light blush changing to white, very large), Boule de Neige (white,
early, small), E. S. Rand (rich scarlet, medium), EveresUanum, (delicate
rosy lilac, spotted with yellow, small), Kettledrum (rich crimson suffused
with purple, large).
Kalmia, MotJNTAiN LAUREL (Kalmia latifolia). This fine shrub succeeds
very easily in the mountains in almost any soil except lime where the
ground is not too wet, and it is also adapted to cultivation in other parts of
the state if its needs are intelligently met (see p. 14).
Japanese Laubel (Aucuba japonica). A slow growing shrub with glossy
leaves and handsome red berries on the pistillate plants. It endures smoke
and dust and is valuable in large cities where few things do well. It is good
in evergreen beds either alone or in front of taller sorts. Like the holly the
plant is of two sexes and only the female bears berries. A variety of this is
the Gold Dust Tree (var. aurea maculata) of more rapid growth and the
leaves spotted with yellow. Middle and eastern sections.
Japanese Pittosportjm (Pittosporum Tobira). A winter flowering shrub
with very dense, dark green leaves ; flowers pure white and fragrant. A very
handsome evergreen of great permanence and value in the middle and eastern
sections.
Oleander (Nerium oleander). An old-fashioned shrub with single or
double flowers in various colors. Easy to grow and withstands the dust
and smoke of cities well, but only half hardy away from the coast.
Wax Myrtle (Myrica cerifera). A shrub with narrow fragrant leaves
and with wax-coated, bluish white berries; native to the coastal plain. This
should be much used for hedges and boundaries in low sandy places in the
eastern section.
Mahonia japonica. From 2 to 4 feet high, the large, compound leaves
with spiny teeth and the yellow flowers appearing in late winter or early
spring. Thrives best in a partly shaded position.
Camellia japonica. One of the most beautiful evergreen shrubs with
dense, deep green shining leaves, large waxy flowers in a great variety of
colors. It blooms in early spring or late winter and is for that reason of
great value and interest. It is almost or quite hardy along the coastal strip
if put in a somewhat protected position.
Tea Plant (Camellia Thea). A deep green, globose shrub with elon-
gated leaves and white flowers that bloom in winter. It is hardy along the
coast and as far inland as Fayetteville and should be planted for its great
Interest as the producer of a popular drink.
40 Design and Impkovembnt of School Geounds
Gaedenia OB Cape Jessamine (Gardenia florida). One of the best known
evergreen exotics of the south and associated like the camellia and sweet
olive with old Southern gardens. The leaves are shiny and the flowers waxy
white. It is hardy through most of the coastal plain, and if put in a pro-
tected position may be kept living indefinitely at Chapel Hill, though often
cut back by severe frosts.
Latjbestintjs (Viburnum tinus). An upright shrub of dense compact form
and with abundant umbels of whitish flowers in winter. The flower, buds
are red and have color a long time before they blossom. Hardy at least as
far inland as Raleigh. The nurseries recommend three other evergreen
varieties which we have not seen in cultivation. They are Viburnum odora-
tissimum,, V. suspensum (V. sandakma) and V. rhytidopfiyllum,.
Rosemary (Rosraarinus officinalis) . An herbaceous evergreen shrub with
aromatic, dark green, linear leaves and light blue flowers. Very good for
foundation planting.
Lavendeb (Lavandula vera). An evergreen herbaceous shrub with
fragrant whitish leaves and blue flowers. Very pretty for foundation plant-
ing, especially if alternated with the contrasting dark green of rosemary.
DwAEP Palmetto (Sabal glabra). This little palmetto with creeping stems
extends along our coast and can be used to flne effect in the coastal strip.
For the tree palmetto see under trees, p. 32.
Yuccas. We have at least four native species, all of which are good. Yucca
aloifolia is the tallest and is well placed at the corners of buildings behind
smaller species; YMCca gloriosa is good for clumps in angles of paths. In
Yucca filamentosa and its variety concava the leaves rise only a foot or so
above the ground but the tall scape of white flowers is very conspicuous and
Attractive in masses.
Canes or Bamboos. A number of oriental bamboos make very hardy and
excellent screens and windbreaks, although there is some objection to them
as they spread by underground runners. Among the most valuable are
Palmate-leaved Bamboo (Bambusa palmata). Tall Chinese Bamboo (Arundi-
naria Simoni), Japanese Cane (Arundinaria japonica). Of these the Jap-
anese Cane is the highest and the Palmate-leaved Bamboo the lowest.
Decidnous Shrubs
(See also Hedge Plants)
Five-leaved Angelica (Acanthopanax pentaphyllum) . Large, 5 to 10 ft.,
-useful for its foliage which is bright green and shining. Graceful and com-
pact in outline and very permanent. If the tips of the arching branches
touch the ground they easily take root and form new plants.
Rose op Sharon (Althea frutex, Hibiscus syriacus). A tall open shrub
that is very valuable, as the flowers appear late in summer and early fall
when few other shrubs are in blossom. It should be used behind lower and
more compact shrubs. Among the best varieties are: ardens, bicolor,
..carneo-plenus, Jean d'Arc.
Design and Impkovement of School Gbounds 41
Groundsel Teke {Baccharis halimifolia) . An abundant shrub in damp
places near the coast. The dark green and lustrous leaves and the fluffy
white fruiting heads make it very good for damp places. Hardy throughout
the state in cultivation and nearly evergreen on the coast.
Spicewood (Benzoin aestivale). Native to the state. A good shrub for
damp places. The small greenish flowers, while not conspicuous, appear
early in spring before the leaves and are pretty and fragrant. The leaves
and branches also have a spicy fragrance.
EuEOPEAN Barberry (Berieris vulgaris). A sturdy shrub with yellow
flowers in hanging clusters, scarlet berries and light green leaves. Does
well In the middle and western sections. The variety purpurea is a good
purple-leaved variety of this. ■
StJMMEB Lilac (Buddleia Daviddi Veitchiana) . An open shrub with long,
simple, arching shoots which bear large heads of fragrant pale violet flowers
from June to frost. As few shrubs flower during the summer and fall this
handsome one is of distinct value.
Slender Deutzia (Deutzia gracilis). A small shrub about 2 ft. high with
graceful, arching branches and nodding racemes of pure white flowers in early
spring. Very pretty and valuable for foundation planting.
Deutzia (Deutzia scahra). A strong and permanent shrub with whitish
flowers in abundance. Blooms just after spireas and can be planted with
them to good effect. A double variety of this with pink flowers is plena
rosea and a double white is plena alba.
Hybrid Golden Bell (Forsythia intermedia). A tall shrub, with slender,
arching branches, flowers golden yellow, produced in great profusion, blooms
in March. This and the other forsythias are among the most dependable
and satisfactory early spring bloomers and should be extensively used.
Other species are Fortunei with more upright growth and suspensa with
slender, drooping branches.
SiLVERTHORN (Elwagnus longipes). A very permanent and hardy shrub
of good rounded form with dense leaves silvery beneath, and with red berries
that make a good jelly.
Winged Burning Bush (Euonymus alatus). A dense spreading shrub with
corky-winged branches. Flowers yellowish, fruit purplish; leaves turning to
gorgeous shades of red and crimson in the fall.
Pearl Bush (Exochorda grandifiora). A tall hardy shrub with dazzling
white blossoms. As it is apt to become bare below, it is best to mass it with
or place it behind other shrubs.
Panicled Hydrangea (Hydrangea paniculata). A very hardy tall shrub
with white flowers borne in panicles; very good for massing. It will
not succeed in dry or poor places and in the coastal plain should be planted
only where rich, damp ground is available. A garden form of this, var.
grandifiora, has extremely large and showy flowers and is very popular. In
the mountains both will succeed in any rich soil.
42 Design and Impeovembnt of School Grounds
Sweet Shktjb, Sweet Betsie (Galycanthus floridus). An upright shrub
with dark foliage and very fragrant, dark brown flowers, which are loved by-
children. Native in the mountain and middle sections. It is easily increased
by shoots from the base.
Desert Wnxow (Ghilopsis linearis). A tall open growing shrub with
linear leaves and yellow-striped lilac flowers. Blooms continually from
April until frost. The plant has an exotic look and is good for contrast and
interest.
Fringe Tree {Ghionanthus virginiana). A shrub or low tree with dark
green leaves and feathery, graceful, very fragrant flowers in long clusters.
Native to the state and a member of the olive family as one might easily
guess from the small olive-like blue fruits. One of the best tall ornamentals
for the back of borders.
Azaleas. Our state is rich in species of azaleas and some are found in all
sections. If given proper conditions they will be a brilliant addition to
any place (see p. 14 for directions). In the mountains the great flame
azalea (Azalea calendulacea) and the tall white azalea {A. arborea), are
the best to use. In other parts of the state the last mentioned, together with
A. viscosa and A. nudiflora, are successful. In the damp, sandy flats of the
coastal region A. atlantica will do well. Among exotic species A. amoena
and A. Hinodegiri, which are evergreen, are most adaptable and thrifty.
Sweet PBa>PERBusH (Glethra acuminata). A small shrub of marshy soil
with alder-like leaves and showy white flowers of an intense, spicy fragrance;
especially useful In wet places.
Red-osieb Dogwood (Gomus stolonifera) . A shrub with dark red branches:
and creamy white flowers. The red shoots are extremely showy in winter,
but from our experience it is not very permanent in this state.
"Winter Flowering Jessamine (Jasminum nudiflorum) . A small shrub
with slender, arched, green branches and yellow flowers which bloom in win-
ter and early spring. This is about the best plant for the front of a shrub
border as it forms a dense pillow from the very ground and flts in perfectly
to meet higher shrubs.
Globe Flower, Guelder Rose (Kerria japonica). A shrub 4 to 6 ft. tall,,
with numerous, bright yellow, large and showy flowers and green stems.
One of the most beautiful shrubs and extremely valuable when not attacked
by a fungus, which in Chapel Hill has killed out almost every single speci-
men in recent years. The guelder rose is a variety of this with double
flowers.
Shrubby Bush Clover {Lespedeza Ucolor). A shrubby herb 3 to 5 ft. tall,
with dark green leaves and showy purple flowers. The branches die to the
ground every year, but quickly come again in spring and curve over in a
graceful way to meet the ground.
Sweet Breath of Spring (Lonicera tragrantissima) . One of the most
charming of the early flowering shrubs, with a delightful fragrance notice-
I ►J
2. i- ^
S-x: '■^■
Fas:
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i 2 O
r 2- o
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H
.r
Design and Improvement of School Gkounds 43
able at a long distance. Graceful throughout the year and semi-evergreen
with us. Its permanence, hardiness and large size are great advantages
and it should be used abundantly.
Lilacs (Syringa vulgaris and Syringa persica). These old favorites are
extremely useful in the middle and western sections, but in the coastal plain
they do not bloom freely and lose their value. In addition to the old types
there are very many greatly improved varieties and it is very desirable that
someone should make a hobby of them and test out their flowering qualities
here. Among the best are Marie Legraye, white; Fersica alba, white; Louise
Henri, lilac; Ludwig Spaeth, red; Prof. Stockhardt, lavender.
Snowberrt, Waxberbt (Symphoricarpus racemosus). A graceful, low
shrub with slender curved branches, rose-colored flowers and persistent
white berries. Excellent for covering ground under trees or for massing
where something low is desired. Its habit of suckering enables it to cover
the ground rapidly.
CoRALBEREY {SyTTipJioricarpus vulgaris). Very similar to the above, with
coral colored berries.
Fbagkant Sumach (Rhus canadensis) . A spreading shrub 3 to 8 feet high
with aromatic leaves; flowers yellow, the small fruit coral red. Will flourish
in any soil, esi>ecially dry rocky banks.
Smoke Bush {Rhus cotinus). A very permanent bush 10 to 12 feet high
with feathery, purple heads, giving the plant a smoky appearance. Blooms
in early summer.
White Keeeia (Rhodotypos kerrioides). An ornamental shrub with large
white flowers followed by black and shining nutlets which persist during
the winter. Thrives in any good soil.
Buckthorn (Rhamnus caroUnianus) . A small tree; leaves dark green
and shiny; berries first red then black. Very hardy and excellent for foliage
effect and as a background for shrubs.
Pomegranate (Punica grantaum). A tall, summer flowering shrub with
orange, pink, white, red, or striped flowers and edible fruit. Fills a much
needed place with its late flowers.
Steinga, Mock Orange (Philadelphus coronarius). A hardy shrub with
upright, often arching branches; flowers creamy white and extremely fragrant
and very numerous. Handsome and desirable behind smaller shrubs.
Syringa, Mock Orange (Philadelphus grandiflorus) . A native unscented
species of the same usefulness as the preceding.
Narrow-leaved Ceab Apple (Malus angustifolia) . A low bushy tree with
stiff, thorny branches, leaves narrow and half evergreen. Flowers rosy red
and very fragrant; fruit yellowish green. Native to the state and exceed-
ingly decorative unless impaired by the cedar apple rust or San Jose scale.
Starry Magnolia (Magnolia stellata). A large shrub or tree with
spreading branches. Flowers numerous, white, scented, appearing before
the dark green abundant leaves.
44 Design and Improvement of School Gbounds
Tines
Five-leaved Akebia (Akeiia quinata). A very ornamental climber with
twining stems; leaves almost evergreen; flowers rosy purple, produced in
late spring. It prefers moist loamy soil and sunny exposure and is especially
useful to train over doors and windows as the growth is limited and does
not require much trimming and control.
Chinese "Wisteria (Wisteria cJiinensis) . A very strong climher with
flowers borne in long dense purple clusters which appear in spring before the
leaves. One of the most beautiful vines for pergolas, buildings and old
trees. A white variety is especially good.
Jasminum primulum. A delicate vine of moderate size. Its exquisite fra-
grance when in flower should win it a place somewhere in every garden.
Stab Jessamine (Trachelospermum jasmAnoides) . A beautiful evergreen
climber with dark green foliage and dellciously fragrant white flowers in
May and April and again in November and December. It should be put into
rich, moist soil and does best in the eastern section.
English Ivy (Hedera helix). A well known and excellent evergreen for
decorating buildings, trees and walls. Easily obtained from cuttings. It
dislikes hot sun and in the eastern section should be given a shaded
location.
Yellow Jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens) . A twining vine with per-
sistent deep green leaves and bright yellow fragrant flowers in early spring.
Does well in cultivation where the soil is not too dry and should be used
much more.
Climbing Euontmus {Euonymus radicans). An evergreen vine climbing
with rootlets to the height of 15 or 20 feet. Good for covering walls, rocks
or trunks of trees. Leaves small, fruit pink or scarlet. If clipped it also
makes a fine border or low hedge.
Boston oe Japanese Ivy (Ampelopsis triouspidata) . A hardy and very use-
ful vine, climbing high by means of disc-bearing tendrils. Resists the dust
and smoke of cities and turns to a vivid orange and scarlet in the fall.
Excellent for covering brick or stone buildings.
Virginia Creeper (Ampelopsis guinquefolia) . One of the most refined and
useful of our native vines. The adhesive tendrils enable it to climb either
solid masonry, trees or trellises and it is especially fine for covering fences.
The gorgeous fall coloring is unsurpassed.
Pepper-vine (Ampelopsis arl>orea). This is native to our seashore and
its much compounded leaves are even more delicate than those of the Vir-
ginia Creeper. It is very vigorous and does well as far west as Chapel Hill.
Grapes. Any vigorous species of grape makes a good arbor vine. The
wild sorts as summer grape, fox grape, and possum grape are delightfully
fragrant in flower and have very healthy foliage. The scuppernong and wild
iullaoe grape are almost too rampant for use except on large arbors.
Design and Improvement of School Grounds 45
Ckoss Vine (Bignonia capreolata). A hardy native vine. Flowers red-
dish orange, yellow within, very showy. The tendrils climb hy sucking discs
and enable the plant to climb tree trunks, walls, or buildings.
Tbtjmpet Vine (Tecoma radicans). This is one of the best vines to run
up posts of fences and to cover outhouses. The very conspicuous red and
orange flowers bloom for a long time in late spring and summer.
Japanese Clematis (Clematis paniculata) . A very fine vine for porches,
arbors and fences. The white flowers in foamy masses practically cover the
plant in late summer.
Vikgin's Bowbk (Clematis virginiana). This native species has much the
same habit as the above and is equally useful.
Honetstjckles. Several of these are good. Our wild trumpet honeysuckle
with beautiful, red-orange flowers is one of the best. The Japanese honey-
suckle is an evergreen and very useful if care is taken to plant it only where
it will not have a chance to invade hedges and shrubberies.
Cumbing Roses. There is a long list of good roses suitable for training
on arbors, porches and fences. The fine old evergreen, Cherokee, and the
delightful Lady Bankshire are two of the very best for the sandier and
warmer parts of the state. Of the newer single sorts the American Pillar
and the Silver Moon have no superior in beauty and are almost quite free
from the destructive mildew that ruins the usefulness of so many kinds.
In Chapel Hill the Dorothy Perkins, Lady Gay, Crimson Ramiler and Mem-
orial roses are all badly hurt by this pest. Of the hybrid double-flowered
sorts some of the best are ClimMng Clothilde Sup&rt, Climbing Meteor, Reine
Marie Henriette, Souvenir de la Malmaison and Devoniensis.
Annual Vines. Many of these are useful for quick results and are well
known. Morning Olory, Moon Flower, Cypress Vine, Balsam Vine, Madeira
Vine, Cinnamon Vine and Hop Vine are among the best.
Perennial Flowers and Ferns
Plume Poppy (Bocconia cordata). A tall, striking plant with glaucous
leaves and feathery white flowers; effective at the back of wide borders.
Spreads rapidly by suckers, which if detached will make a strong plant in
a single season.
BuGBANE (Cimidfuga racemosa). A wild flower that is tall and suitable
for the back of borders. Leaves large; flowers In white racemes, which ap-
pear in summer.
Lily of the Valley (Convallaria majalis). Fine for a ground cover in
rich, shady places and may be planted at edge of shrub borders with good
effect.
Lance-leaved Tickseed (Coreopsis lanceolata). A showy free flowering
species with large golden flowers; excellent for cutting. It Is very hardy
and succeeds in any soil.
Sweet William (Dianthus iarbatus). A very pretty plant about 8 Inches
high; good for border planting.
46 Design and Impeovembnt of School Grounds
Caufoenia Bleeding Heart (Dicentra formosa). A dainty plant about
fifteen inches high with finely divided graceful leaves and pale rose-colored,
heart-shaped flowers. Blossoms at intervals from spring till autumn.
Gas Plant {Dictamnus fraxinella and var. oZ&a). A very hardy and per-
sistent perennial forming clumps two feet high with lemon-scented rose, pink
or white flowers and glossy green leaves.
Lemon Lily (Eemerocallis flava). A very hardy and popular garden
flower with narrow grass-like leaves and lemon yellow flowers; remarkably
free from enemies. It prefers moist soil and partial shade.
Tawny Day Lily (Hemerocallis fulva). Flowers orange and not fragrant;
a larger and stronger grower than the above.
Hibiscus Mallow Mabvels. Desirable border plants, succeeding in sunny
places, but preferring dampness; 3 to 5 feet high and with large foliage and
enormous flowers in the richest shades of crimson, pink and white.
Gold FLOWEat (Hypericwm- Moserianum). A small shrub from 1 to 2 feet
high, adapted to herbaceous borders; flowers golden yellow, 2 inches across,
very showy.
Habdy 'Candytuft (nerls sempervirens) . A plant 8 to 10 inches high with
evergreen foliage and dense heads of white fiowers in early spring; fine for
borders.
Ibis. In addition to the old-fashioned purple and white sorts of the com-
mon garden or German iris, there are now many other varieties of this
and other species. Among the best of these are the varieties pallida daV-
wMtica, with large and fragrant light lavender fiowers, and spectdbilis, a
deep rich purple. Excellent for massing.
Redhot Pokeb, Tobch Lily (Tritoma grandis). A striking plant with
sword-like leaves, 2 to 3' feet long and a scape of vivid red and yellow
flowers.
Blazing Stab, Button Snakeroot (lAatris picnostachya) . A wild flower
which is very hardy in cultivation, producing purplish flowers in late sum-
mer and autumn, 5 feet high. Very showy and beautiful when grouped in
masses.
ViKGiNiA Cowslip, Bluebells (Mertensia virginica). A native early flow-
ering plant from 1 to 2 feet high, with large glaucous green leaves and showy
blue flowers fading to clear pink.
Lupines. Low plants with showy spikes of conspicuous blue flowers; easy
to cultivate and excellent for sandy dry soil. Our two native species of the
sand-hills and coast are fine for those regions.
Peony. A very hardy, showy and beautiful plant with many varieties;
fiowers very large, single or double. They grow from 1 to 2 feet high and
are very effective when planted in front of shrubbery. They do best in the
mountains and are not fitted for the coastal plain. Among the best varieties
are edtiMs superha, Duohesse de Nenwurs, Felix Grousse, festiva maxima,
Madame Galot, Messonier.
Ground oe Moss Pink {Phlox sub-ulata) . A low native plant with pink or
white flowers; good for rocky and dry places.
Design and Impkovembnt of School Grounds 47
Garden Phloxes of many sorts and colors are among the most brilliant of
moderately tall perennials; Miss Lingard is the best white, and W. O. Egan
the best pink.
Golden Glow (Rudheckia laciniata). A hardy, showy plant 2 to 7 feet
high with bright yellow flowers blooming in late summer or fall.
Showy Sedum (Sedum spectaMle). The most popular of the sedums, 1 to
2 feet high. The flat-topped flower heads vary from rose to purple and appear
in late summer and fall. Very effective in borders and in dry, rocky soil.
Mountain Feather Fleece (Stenanthemwm robustum,) . A rare and native
.perennial with showy panicles of white fleecy flowers in late summer and
early fall. Does best in a moist, somewhat shady position in the western
section.
Feathered Columbine {Thalictrum aguilegifolium,) . 1 to 3 feet high with
large leaves and white feathery flowers. Very hardy and well suited to
Tjorders that are not too dry.
Common Periwinkle (Yinca minor). A hardy evergreen trailing herb with
blue flowers. The best ground cover in shade for the south.
Large Periwinkle (Vinca inajor). A shade-loving evergreen vine with
pretty blue flowers. One of the very best ground covers for the south.
Pampas Grass (Gynerium, argenteum) . This flne grass is worthy a place
in any yard and is particularly suited to fill the center of a flower-bed or
a small angular area between paths. The tall, whit© flower spikes and foun-
tain-like foliage make it a striking object.
Bulbs. Many beautiful kinds are available and the hardier sorts will give
flne results with less attention than almost anything else. As most bulbs
multiply rapidly they can nearly always be got without cost from friends in
1:he neighborhood. A few are mentioned on page 21.
Ferns. In shady rich places by buildings or fences or borders almost any
■of the strong growing ferns of the neighborhood will do well if given water
in the dryest times. Many people will enjoy these and the children will
be interested in bringing them in. As with other plants they will be much
helped by a top dressing of manure once a year. Among the largest and
best suited to cultivation are Cinnamon Fern, Royal Fern, Goldiefs Fern,
Maiden-hair Fern and ChristmMS Fern.
Annnal Flowers
"We do not think it wortli while further to lengthen this Bulletin
"by a discussion of annual flowers. Most people are familiar with a
good many of these that are most useful and popular. They can be
used to good effect in school gardens and in vacant places around the
building between shrubs. See page 21 for the names of a few early
jkinds.
BEFERENCE BOOKS
Agar, Madeline. Garden Design in Theory and Practice. Published by
Sldgwick & Jackson, London.
Coker and Totten. Trees of North Carolina. Published by W. C. Coker,
Chapel Hill, N. C. See also Our Mountain Bhru'bs, by W. C. Coker, in the
Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, Volume 21, No. 2, Novem-
ber, 1915.
Godfrey, "Walter H. Gardens in the Making. Published by Charles Scrib-
ner's Sons, New York.
Gridland, R. B. Practical Landscape Gardening. Published by A. T. De-
La Mare Printing & Publishing Co., New York.
Parsons, Samuel. How to Plan the Home Grounds. Published by Double-
day, Page & Co., Garden City, N. Y.
Rexford, Eben E. Amateur Gardencraft. Published by J. B. LIppincott,
Philadelphia.
Tabor, Grace. The Landscape Gardening Book. Published by McBride,.
Winston & Company, New York.
Waugh, Prank A. The Natural Style in Landscape Gardening. Published
by Richard G. Badger, Boston.
Waugh, Frank A. Rural Improvement. Published by Orange Judd Co.,,,
New York.
Plates and Illustrative Designs
of
School Grounds
KEY OF PLAN FOE NOELINA SCHOOL
(Plate 12)
1. Magnolia, Magnolia grandiflora.
2. Red Cbdae, Juniperus virginiana.
3. Loblolly Pine, Pinus taeda.
4. Flowering Dogwood, Cornus florida.
5. Black Willow, Salix nigra.
6. SuGAE Maple, Acer saccharum.
7. QuiHOUi Privet, Ligustrum Quihoui.
8. Wisteria, Wisteria chinensis.
9. Elm, Ulmus americanus.
10. Oak, Quercus (found in place).
11. Japanese Quince, Pyrus japonica.
12. Sweet Breath of Spring, Lonicera fragrantissima.
13. Thunbbkg's Spibea, Spirea Thunbergii.
14. Hydrangea, Hydrangea.
15. Forsythia, Forsythia Fortunei.
16. Winter Jessamine, Jasminum nudiflorum.
17. Virginia Creeper, Ampelopsis quinquefolia.
18. Bear Grass, Yucca flamentosa.
19. Abelia, Ahelia grandiflora.
20. Crape Myrtle, Lagerstroemia indica.
21. Stone wall (two feet higli).
22. English Ivy, Hedera helix.
23. Bear Grass, Yucca filamentosa.
24. Beech, Fagus grandifolia.
25. Stone coping.
26. Hedge oe 2, 3, 4 and 5.
27. Pin Oak, Quercus palustris.
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KEY OF PLABT FOR A SCHOOL NEAB THE COAST
(Plate 13)
1. Ameeican Olive, Osmanthus americanus.
2. Palmetto, Sahal Palmetto.
3. TopoiT, Ilex vomitoria.
4. Spanish Bayonet, Yucca gloriosa.
5. Wax Mtktlb, Myrica cerifera.
6. Magnolia, Magnolia grandiflora.
7. Chebokee Rose Hedge on Fence, Rosa laevigata.
8. Live Oak, Quercus virginiana.
9. Oleander, Nervwm oleander.
10. Tamarix gallica.
11. Cbdae, Jv/niperus virginiana.
12. Pine, Pimis Taeda.
13. Yucca, Yucca aloifolia.
14. Dogwood, Cornus florida.
15. Tea, Camellia thea.
16. Lupine, Lupinus perennis.
KEY OF PLAN FOB WILMINfiTOTf SCHOOL
(Plate 14)
1. Pbivet, Ligustrum.
2. English Ivy, Eedera helix.
3. Lilac, Syringa vulgaris.
4. Amekicah' Elm, XJlmus americana.
5. Magnolia, Magnolia grandiflora.
6. Live Oak, Quercvs virginiana.
7. Ceape Myetle, Lagerstroemia indica.
8. Peach, Prunus persica.
9. Mimosa, Albizzia julihrissin.
10. Dogwood, Corrms florida.
11. Wisteria, Wisteria chinensis.
12. StcaUoeEj PlatavAis occidentalis.
13. Althea, Hibiscus syriacus.
14. Sweet Sheub, ■Celycanthus floridus.
16. Cannas.
16. Chinabeeet, Melia Azedarach.
17. Ctpeess Vine, Ipomea Quamodit.
18. Climbinq Rose.
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KEY OF PLAN FOR NASHVILLE SCHOOL
(Plate 15)
1. Teumpet Vine, Tecoma radicans.
2. Virgin's Bower, Clematis virginiana.
3. Yellow Jessamine, Oelsemiwn sempervirens.
4. Sweet Breath oe Spring, Lonicera fragrantissima.
4. Stbinga, Philadelphus coronarius.
6. Mock Orange, Laurocerasus caroliniana.
1. Bridal Wreath, Spivea, prunifoUa.
8. Bed Cedah, Juniperus virginiana.
9. FoRSTTHiA, Forsythia Fortunei.
10. Van Houttb's Spieba, Spirea Van Houttei.
11. Ibota Peivbt, lAgustrum Ibota.
13. Winter Jessamine, Jasminum nudiflorum.
14. Mimosa, ATbizzia jvMbrissin.
15. Magnolia, Magnolia grandiflora.
16. Spanish Bayonet, Yucca gloriosa.
17. Photinia, Photinia serrulata.
18. Pine, Finns taeda.
19. Dogwood, Cornus florida.
20. Redbud, Cercis canadensis.
21. Sweet Bat, Magnolia glauca.
22. Cypress, Taxodium. distichum.
23. Cherry (found in place).
24. Abelia, Abelia grandiflora.
25. Maple, Acer saccharwm.
26. Apple Tree, Pyrus Malus.
27. Baebeery Hedge, Berieris Thuniergii.
28. Trifoliate Grange, Citrus trifoliata (hedge).
29. Ibota Privet, Ligustrum Ihota (hedge).
30. Beech, Fagus grandifoUa.
PLATE 15
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KEY OF PLAN FOE ROSEMARY SCHOOL, ROANOKE RAPIDS
(Plate 16)
1. Ceape Mybtle, Lagerstroemia indica.
2. Abelia, Abelia grandiflora.
3. Sweet Bkeath of Spring, Lonicera fragrantissma.
4. Golden Bell, Forsythia suspensa.
5. Magnolla., Magnolia grandiflora.
6. Dogwood, Comus florida.
7. Van Houtte's Spieea, Spirea Van Houttei.
8. Japanese Quince, Pyrus japonica.
9. Steinqa, Philadelphus coronarius.
10. Loblolly Pine, Pinus taeda.
11. Red Cedab, Juniperus virginiana.
12. Eedbttd, Oercis canadensis.
13. LoMBAEDT PoPLAK, Populus nigra italica.
14. Winter Jessamine, Jasminum wadiflorwm.
15. Soulange's Magnolia, Magnolia Soulangeana.
16. QuiHoui Privet, Ligustrum Quihoui.
17. Japanese Privet, Ijigusirvmi Japonicum.
18. Mimosa, Alhizzia jidibrissin.
19. Japanese Baebeeet, Berheris Thunbergii.
20. !N"oBWAT Spruce, Picea excelsa.
21. Trifoliate Oeange, Citrus trifoliatus.
22. Japanese Rose, Rosa rugosa.
23. Deutzia, Deutzia crenata.
24. Deodaea Cedae, Cedrus Deodara.
25. Smoke Bush, Rhiis cotimus.
26. Chaste Teee, Vitex Agnus-Gastus.
27. Pin Oak, Quercus palustris.
28. HoiTET Locust, Gleditsia triacanthos.
29. Sweet Gum, Liquidambar styraciflua.
30. "Weeping "Willow, Salix vitellina aurea.
31. Sugar Maple, Acer saccharum.
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KEY OP PLAN POR EAST SANFOED SCHOOL
(Plate 17)
1. "Willow Oak, Quercus Phellos.
2. Van Houttb's Spebba, Spirea Van Houttei.
9. WiNTBEFLowEEiNG Jessaminb, Jasminujn nvdiflorwrn.
4. Spanish Bayonet, Yucca gloriosa.
5. Boston Ivt, Ampelopsis Veitchei.
6. Japanese Quince, Pyrus japonica.
7. Teieoliate Oeangb, Citrus trifoliata.
8. Bkidal Weeath, Spirea prunifolia.
9. Syeinga, Philadelphus coronwrius.
10. Golden Bell, Forsythia suspensa.
11. Gallbeeet, Ilex glabra (hedge).
12. WiSTEEiA, Wisteria chinensis.
13. Sweet Beeath op Speing, Lomcera fragrantissima.
14. Magnolia, Magnolia grandiflora.
15. Ceape Mtbtle, Lagerstroemia indica.
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KEY OF PLAN FOB SELMA SCHOOL
(Plate 18)
1. Ctpebss, Taxodium distichum.
2. Sweet Bat, Magnolia glauca.
3. Beab Grass, Yucca filamentosa.
4. Gallbbbbt, Ilex glabra.
5. Batbeeet, Myrica cerifera.
6. Sweet Peppekbush, Glethra alnifolia.
1. Beech, Fagus grandifolia.
8. Live Oak, Quercus virginiana.
9. Border of Piwe {Finns taeda), Cedae (Juniperus virgin-
iana), Sweet Bat (Magnolia glauca), Hollt (Ilex
opaca). Black Willow (8aiix nigra) and Sweet Peppeb-
BirsH {Glethra alnifolia).
PLATE 18
Pla/OHounJs
St/ma School daound s
Oesiqnxl by WC Ci>ht»
KEY OF PLAN FOR CENTEAl SCHOOL, EOAlfOKE EAPIDS
(Plate 19)
1. Magnolia, Magnolia grandiflora.
2. Horse-chestnut, Aesculus-hippocastamis.
3. Japanese Quince, Pyrus japonica.
4. Stbinga, Philadelphus grandiflora.
5. Van Houtte's Spieba, Spirea Van Houttei.
6. Thunbeeg's Spieea, Spirea Thunbergii.
1. Loblolly Pine, Pinus Taeda.
8. Red Cedab, Juniperus virginiana.
9. Japanese Flowering Cheery, Prurms Pseudo-Cerasus
hortensis.
10. Bridal Wreath, Spirea prunifolia.
11. Flowering Dogwood, Oornus florida.
12. Mimosa Tree, Albizzia julihrissin.
13. Beech, Fagus grandifolia.
14. Pin Oak, Quercus palustris.
15. Chaste Tree, Vitex Agnus-castus.
16. Smoke Bush, Bhus cotiwus.
17. American Arboe-vitae, Thuja occidentalis.
18. Japanese Baebbeey, Berheris Thunbergii.
19. Canadian Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (hedge).
20. !N"oEWAY Speuce, Picea excelsa.
21. Persian Lilac, Syringa persica alba.
22. Soulange's Magnolia, Magnolia Soulangeana.
23. Crape Myrtle, Lagerstroemia indica.
24. Kegel's Peivet, Ligustrum Ibota Begeliamum.
25. Sweet Breath of Spring, Lonicera fragrantissima.
26. Deodara Cedar, Cedrus deodara.
27. Hydeangea (found in place).
28. Climbing Rose (found in place).
29. Bush Rose (found in place).
30. Oak (found in place.)
31. Maple (found in place.)
32. Japanese Rose, Rosa rugosa.
33. Ieish Yew, Taxus baccaia fastigiata.
34. QuiHoui Privet, Ligustrum Quihoui.
35. Japanese Snowball, Viburmim tomentoswm plicatum.
PLATE 19
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KEY OF PLAN FOB CTPBESS STREET SCHOOL, GREENSBOEO
(Plate 20)
1. Dogwood, Gorrms florida.
2. Redbitd, Cercis canadensis.
3. Magnolia, Magnolia grandiflora.
4. Loblolly Pine, Pimus Taeda.
5. Steinga, Philadelphus coronarius.
6. Ceape Mtetle, Lagerstroemia indica.
7. Jersey Pine, Finite virginiana.
8. Deodaea Cedae, CedriLS deodara.
9. Winter Jessamine, Jasminum midiflorum.
10. Van Houtte's Spieea, Spirea Van Houttei.
11. FoESYTHiA, Forsythia suspensa.
12. Red Cedae, Juniperus virginiana.
13. Mimosa, Albizzia juUhrissin.
14. Beidal "Webath, Spirea prunifolia.
15. Japanese Quince, Fyrus japonica.
16. Trifoliate Oeangb, Citrus trifoliata.
17. Smoke Bush, Rhus cotinus.
18. SuGAK "IVrAPLE, Acer saccharum.
19. Oak, Quercus (fotuid in place).
20. Wisteria, Wisteria chinensis.
21. Japanese Baebeeey, Berieris Thunhergii.
22. Pin Oak, Quercus palustris.
23. Beech, Fagus grandifolia.
24. Oae-leaved Hydeangea, Hydrangea quercifolia.
25. Deutzia crenata.
PLATE 20
Live Music
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